Depending on what the future might bring, maybe all of it - or at least some aspect of everything. Since we base much, if not all of of our understanding on what we think we know: when those beliefs get thrown out then it will affect everything. This is admittedly not very useful in everyday life since we can't know beforehand exactly how earthshattering the new knowledge will be. Except, useful perhaps as a certain antidote to the potential suppressive damage done by those who are absolutely certain of the things we know now to be true for ever.
Example: what if it turned out that time itself had qualities no-one had suspected before? Time is one of those fundamental things in existence that may (or likely will) still reveal some previously unknown aspect. Which in turn would likely affect our perception of all things in existence.
Which means our "primitive" concept of time (and everything in it) would perhaps not be wrong, but incomplete. Or plainly wrong, for that matter.
> Example: what if it turned out that time itself had qualities no-one had suspected before? Time is one of those fundamental things in existence that may (or likely will) still reveal some previously unknown aspect. Which in turn would likely affect our perception of all things in existence.
"All models are wrong, but some are useful" [1]
The validity of Newtonian mechanics didn't change because we discovered relativity just like the equations of motion don't become invalid because there's friction. It's still useful, we're just more familiar with the boundary conditions where it breaks down. It's unlikely we'll ever throw it away because it is the simplest model with a lot of predictive value at low energies.
> Since we base much, if not all of of our understanding on what we think we know: when those beliefs get thrown out then it will affect everything.
I don't think getting to the point of throwing anything out is necessary, if (some adequate subset of) humans could even get to the point of seriously wondering if our models and beliefs (across all domains, including those outside of science, particularly those which science sits on top of) contain zero fundamentally important flaws, I believe we would be well on the path to sorting the mess we've made out. Science and engineering are excellent examples of how capable humans are when they really set their minds on trying to understand something.
Example: what if it turned out that time itself had qualities no-one had suspected before? Time is one of those fundamental things in existence that may (or likely will) still reveal some previously unknown aspect. Which in turn would likely affect our perception of all things in existence.
Which means our "primitive" concept of time (and everything in it) would perhaps not be wrong, but incomplete. Or plainly wrong, for that matter.