At least at the federal level, no they don't. Unless they decided not to hire you (or fired you afterwards). Then they only have to provide "a notice that includes a copy of the consumer report you relied on to make your decision" - https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/publications/background_checks_emp...
I've requested it, just for my own amusement. They told me no. Unless they didn't hire me based on something from that background check they didn't have to give it to you.
