CaiFa(财阀) is a word in Chinese too, which I think might be borrowed from Japanese. But for more local version of this word, I would prefer "红顶商人"(red hat businessman), which is from Qing Dynasty, where statesman wears hat with red fur on top, implying the his relationship with government.
The difference between Zaibatsu and Keiretsu is how much the state is involved. After MacArthur's attempt to demolish Zaibatsu completely, they found a way to reorganize with almost no state involvement as Keiretsu. These days, after half of the century, Japanese pretty much recreated all the things MacArthur killed - from Zaibatsu to ultra-nationalism as government ideology [1]
Samsung, Daewoo, Hyundai - pretty much any big Korean firm is Chaebol.
